By clicking "Allow All" you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, and facts. An official website of the United States government. As the chart below displays, 71% of the people infected died as a result of Ebola during this first outbreak (Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 56 (2): 247-270, 1978). People become infected with Ebola virus through contact with infected wild animals or contact with blood or body fluids (urine, feces, saliva, sweat, vomit, breast milk, and semen) of infected humans. As known, the US certainly have less cases and deaths due to Ebola in comparison to countries all over Africa. Ebola Virus: Pathogenesis and Countermeasure Development. Fields virology. He, Alexander J. Ebola is not spread through the air (for example, by coughing or sneezing), by water, or through cooked food. Read about the Epidemiologic Triangle. Ebola in Freetown area, Sierra Leone - a case study of 581 patients. In Central Africa, for the last three years outbursts have been recognized every year, the most recent of which proceeded in the Republic of the Congo with the amount of victims more than 125, according to the World Health Organization (Ebola. A number of models of disease causation have been proposed. and around 20% in patients managed outside West Africa. Clinical management of patients and deceased during the Ebola outbreak from October to December 2003 in Republic of Congo, A limited outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Etoumbi, Republic of Congo, 2005, Social inequalities and emerging infectious diseases, Vulnerability in an Influenza Pandemic: Looking Beyond Medical Risk, Outbreaks in a rapidly changing Central Africa - lessons from Ebola, North Kivu: The Background to Conflict in North Kivu Province of Eastern Congo, Africa's displaced people: out of the shadows, Public health impacts of ecosystem change in the Brazilian Amazon, A brief history of Ebolavirus disease: paving the way forward by learning from the previous outbreaks, https://www.who.int/es/newsroom/detail/08-08-2014-statement-on-the-1st-meeting-of-the-ihr-emergency-committee-onthe-2014-ebola-outbreak-in-west-africa, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_02_17/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_27_ebola/en/, https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/le-gouvernement-d-clare-la-fin-de-lpid-mie-de-la-maladie-virus, https://www.who.int/csr/don/1996_04_26b/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/1997_03_02/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2001_12_05/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2001_12_11/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2002_05_09/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/1996_11_18/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2000_10_16/en/, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5005.pdf, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2007_02_20b/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_10_04/en/, https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ep-2012-000124-uga, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_02_18/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_01_06/en/, https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/2014-2016-outbreak/index.html, http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/255798, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/146397/WHO_EVD_CaseDef_14.1_eng.pdf;jsessionid=D50E261E8412FD55D03653A7195C1D2B?sequence=1, https://www.economist.com/briefing/2015/12/12/the-young-continent, https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/april2010/africa%E2%80%99s-displaced-people-out-shadows. As each country must strengthen its preparedness and response system to prevent eventual Ebola outbreaks in the future, adequate knowledge about the ecology and transmission of this disease is of the uttermost importance. It was the third outbreak in the province in the last four years. Mar 2020 [internet publication]. This idea is further corroborated by Marburg virus outbreaks that have been associated with caves or mines heavily infested with bats. 2021 May;25(10):4523-4533. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.16462. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/07/31/world/africa/ebola-virus-outbreak-qa.html, In contrast to this, the Sudan ebolavirus has a lower case fatality rate of 39% to 65% in previous outbreaks, with the largest outbreak occurring in 2000 in Uganda (425 cases). Emerg Microbes Infect. Ebola virus disease Guinea. N Engl J Med. During this time, the WHO continued meeting with government leaders in West Africa, AFRO representatives, and relevant organizations including the CDC and MSF. Get Epidemiologic Triangle For Ebola - US Legal Forms Many of these symptoms are also present with other more common diseases, such as malaria and typhoid fever. 2015 Feb 5;372(6):587-8. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1413685, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539447?tool=bestpractice.com. In terms of the reading in addition to the lecture by Haneefa Saleem, the class learned about what is the Ebola virus and its history, the affect it has on a person and their community in addition to how the world has perceived this virus. Metrovi, Tomislav. Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), North Delhi Municipal Corporation (DMC) Medical College, North Delhi Municipal Corporation (DMC) Medical College - Department of Community Medicine. https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/Ebola-2019-drc-, 2018: small outbreak in the DRC with 54 cases and 33 deaths (case fatality rate 61%).[2]World Health Organization. Indicate the date to the record using the Date option. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539447?tool=bestpractice.com 2022 Jun 29;10(3):e0221221. } section, para. We use cookies to enhance your experience. Apes, humans, and possibly other mammalian species susceptible to Ebola infection are regarded as the end hosts, and not as the reservoirs of infection. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Ebola has been slowly dying down but has not totally been wiped out. Ebola Virus Disease: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Management, and Prevention Authors Emanuele Nicastri 1 , Gary Kobinger 2 , Francesco Vairo 1 , Chiara Montaldo 1 , Leonard E G Mboera 3 , Rashid Ansunama 4 , Alimuddin Zumla 5 , Giuseppe Ippolito 6 Affiliations It was observed that the level of uncertainty for the estimations is relatively high which may hinder to make some predictions for the future evolution of EVD outbreak. The paper presents general information regarding descriptive epidemiology of Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks. Kilgore PE, Grabenstein JD, Salim AM, Rybak M. Pharmacotherapy. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! More info. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078595?tool=bestpractice.com. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON398. This was the first outbreak in Guinea since the 2014-2016 West Africa outbreak. Smither, Sophie J. https://www.cdc.gov/amd/stories/ebola.html 1). Zhang M, Wang X, Hu L, Zhang Y, Zheng H, Wu H, Wang J, Luo L, Xiao H, Qiao C, Li X, Huang W, Wang Y, Feng J, Chen G. Microbiol Spectr. Those vertices are "agent," "host," and "environment." Is there an association between the consumption of ultra-processed food and adverse microbiota-gut-brain axis implications? Thankfully, the US does not have to go through the effects of living in an Ebola epidemic because of the certain precautions taken when a case arise and the steps taken further for primary and secondary prevention. stream Sanchez A, Geisbert TW, Feldmann H. Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses. Hostname: page-component-75b8448494-spc8s A practical community-based response strategy to interrupt Ebola transmission in sierra Leone, 2014-2015. The triad consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together. MeSH https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease, 2014-2016: the worlds largest outbreak started in the DRC in 2014 and finished in 2016, with over 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths (case fatality rate 46%). The Epidemiological Presentation Pattern of Ebola Virus Disease Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa was first reported during early March 2014 in Guinea's 3 southeastern prefectures (Gueckedou, Macenta, and Kissidougou), which border Liberia and Sierra Leone; however, retrospective investigations indicate Ebola virus (EBOV) transmission might have occurred in Guinea since December 2013 (1-4).On March 27, 2014, EVD was reported in Conakry . 2015 Apr;21(4):578-84. doi: 10.3201/eid2104.141940. %PDF-1.5 Since discovered, there have been known cases in Africa. Cookie Settings. Aug 2022 [internet publication]. When an infectious agent persists, or when it infects a greater number of people or in a larger area than expected, this is referred to as an outbreak or epidemic. This is the first FDA-approved vaccine for Ebola virus disease caused by one strain of the Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus). 4 0 obj endobj Owned and operated by AZoNetwork, 2000-2023. Updates to the zoonotic niche map of Ebola virus disease in Africa. How many Ebola patients have been treated outside of Africa? There can be any number of elements that fall under each of the Triangles vertexes. The triangle comprises three vertices: the agent (the cause of the infection), the host (disease reservoir), and the environment (extraneous factors) responsible for transmission (Kaur, Sachdeya, Jha, & Sulania, 2017). 2021. Unfortunately, this is not the case in Africa. FOIA Jul 2020 [internet publication]. Under the time constraint and scrutinizing public, they had to determine what ebola was, what it did and its effects on the general public. Wear protective clothing and follow infection control recommendations when caring for an infected person. Text Version of Timeline. "Ebola Virus Epidemiology". Before Ebola virus infection - Epidemiology | BMJ Best Practice US Still, successful isolation of the Marburg virus from the cave-dwelling species of the fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus lends support to the proposed idea of bats as a reservoir species for all filoviruses. % 2015, p. 61). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. 2022: the fourteenth outbreak in the DRC started on April 23, 2022 in the quateur province and was declared over on July 4, 2022, with a total of 5 cases and 5 deaths (case fatality rate 100%). Jul 2022 [internet publication]. Li ZJ, Tu WX, Wang XC, Shi GQ, Yin ZD, Su HJ, Shen T, Zhang DP, Li JD, Lv S, Cao CL, Xie RQ, Lu HZ, Jiang RM, Cao Z, An ZJ, Li LL, Xu J, Xiong YW, Zang W, Zhang W, Zhang HW, Chen WS, Ling H, Xu W, Cai J, Luo HJ, Xing XS, Zheng CJ, Wei Q, Li XX, Li M, Jiang H, Deng LQ, Chen MQ, Huo X, Xu F, Lai XH, Bai XC, Ye LJ, Yao JY, Yin WW, Sun JJ, Xiao L, Liu FQ, Liu XQ, Fan HW, Kou ZQ, Zhou JK, Zhang H, Ni DX, Samba TT, Li Q, Yu HJ, Wang Y, Liang XF. ?j\jQI"8dDbD n. Direct comparison of case fatality rates between different Ebola treatment centers and outbreaks should be interpreted with caution as many variables can introduce bias and skew even large cohort data. Among the simplest of these is the epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for infectious disease. The most recent outbreak of 2014 has set the alarm bell ringing across the globe for increased focus, funding, research, and development toward the control and management of this emerging viral communicable disease that has a potential pandemic threat. Understanding Ebola: Epidemiology of Virus Disease ]X_@\ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179356. Where a individual seeks care depends on the level of trust in the healthcare system, accessibility and abundance of healthcare facilities, financial and economic stance and cultural beliefs (WHO 2016). Ebola vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (called Ervebo), https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/local-health-districts/, https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/surveillance-and-investigation/ebola/. Medecins Sans Frontiers (2014) says, It is a highly infectious virus that can kill up to 90 percent of the people who catch it (Ebola Emergency, n.d.). Arwady MA, Bawo L, Hunter JC, Massaquoi M, Matanock A, Dahn B, Ayscue P, Nyenswah T, Forrester JD, Hensley LE, Monroe B, Schoepp RJ, Chen TH, Schaecher KE, George T, Rouse E, Schafer IJ, Pillai SK, De Cock KM. Flight 822 was where it all began. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. In June, MSF called for the WHO to increase its response. The epidemiological data detailing the number of Ebola cases is updated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Ebola Virus Epidemiology. 2022. VOV {Ki%/ ,*uP\u89c \Usr'2wUr{fYFypc(Lv+'TJg,8\fl~>I?lqh8;js3lIr=cBp@@j1M^OXp(' dXtlD`C 1G#?`O?rlXj`e< Characteristic burial ceremonies where mourners have direct contact with the body of the deceased can also represent an important path of transmission. Forgraphs,geographical distribution and more details see the WEEKLY report (on Wednesdays). January 2015 [internet publication]. The Epidemiological Presentation Pattern of Ebola Virus Unit for Research in Emergency and Disaster, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, Centre for Research on Health Care in Disasters, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X20000333, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. [36]World Health Organization. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> The Epidemiologic Triangle is a model that scientists have developed for studying health problems, specifically to understand infectious diseases and how they spread. It can help your students understand infectious diseases and how they spread. hasContentIssue false, World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2020. There is no specific treatment approved for EVD. Jun 2021 [internet publication]. There are several steps to take to prevent EVD when living in or traveling to an area with EVD: The FDA approved the Ebola vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (called Ervebo) on December 19, 2019. %PDF-1.5 Mar 2020 [internet publication]. Render date: 2023-04-29T22:21:14.756Z CDC Issues Level 3 travel Warnings for West Africa. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON325, 2020: the eleventh outbreak in the DRC started on June 1, 2020 in the quateur province and was declared over on November 18, 2020, with a total of 130 cases and 55 deaths (case fatality rate 42%). PDF Ebola outbreak: mission instructions and resources student guide - PBS There were scant resources, limited infrastructure, poor training on infection prevention and control and a severe shortage of health care workers with a ratio of 1.9 workers for every 10,000 people. There has been a change in the epidemiological profile of the Ebola outbreaks from 1976 through 2019 with an increase in the geographical extent of the outbreaks and the population at risk, as well as a significant decrease in the outbreaks case fatality rate. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON351. Various objects (for example needles and syringes) contaminated with infected bodily fluids represent a threat as well; therefore, they should be properly sterilized. News-Medical. Transmission of Ebola from the reservoir species to humans or other potential end hosts might be an infrequent event, taking into account the restricted distribution and scarce contact with the reservoir species. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100#t=article The virus was first discovered during an outbreak dated back to the year 1976. Ebola Virus Epidemiology. [31]World Health Organization. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Nov 2020[internet publication]. Trop J Med Res 2017;20:1-9, Available at SSRN: If you need immediate assistance, call 877-SSRNHelp (877 777 6435) in the United States, or +1 212 448 2500 outside of the United States, 8:30AM to 6:00PM U.S. Eastern, Monday - Friday. Dec 2021 [internet publication]. (2021, March 28). Tasks: Review the Ebola materials assembled for you by a team of experts and then use what you've learned to create a strategy to stop the outbreak. There have been differences (P = .04) between the outbreaks produced by the Sudan and Zaire strains of the virus, both in terms of duration and case fatality ratio (Sudan strain 74.5 days on average and 62.7% of case fatality ratio versus Zaire strain with 150 days on average and 55.4% case fatality ratio). Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa. It is transmitted by means of contact with infected blood, mucous membranes, semen and other secretions, therefore being skin lesions and sexual contact significant ways of transmission (Boulton, 2014). eCollection 2017. PDF Name: The West Africa Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus) outbreak is the largest in history with sustained transmission in multiple countries.Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia have been the most heavily affected. Has data issue: false Epidemiologic Triad- Agent, Host, Environment - The Biology Notes The epidemic was a result of unsafe and unsanitary hospital practices, and non-sterilized medical equipment. There have been many very deadly cases of Ebola - the fatality rate is estimated to from about fifty to ninety percent. The case, a 46-year old woman, died after being hospitalized for 23 days for symptoms thought to be related to her known comorbidities. As the prevalence of Ebola grew, the WHO maintained contact with its regional offices in West Africa. Disease outbreak news: Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Although a considerable amount of effort has been put into identifying the natural reservoirs with every large outbreak of the disease, potential hosts or arthropod vectors for the Ebola virus have not been found. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Ebola Report: Timeline | About | CDC Advanced molecular detection and Liberian Ebola. Disease outbreak news. Do ketogenic diets elevate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels? What is the treatment for Ebola virus disease? Accessibility World Health Organization. In this study, the new epidemiological features and prevalence trends for EVD in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone are described. Disease outbreak news. The epidemiological data detailing the number of Ebola cases is updated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Example- HIV AIDS Agent HIV is a viral infection that targets a person's immune system, making it more vulnerable to other forms of infection. Nazimek K, Bociaga-Jasik M, Bryniarski K, Gaas A, Garlicki A, Gawda A, Gawlik G, Gil K, Kosz-Vnenchak M, Mrozek-Budzyn D, Olszanecki R, Piatek A, Zawiliska B, Marcinkiewicz J. Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is the international health emergency paradigm due to its epidemiological presentation pattern, impact on public health, resources necessary for its control, and need for a national and international response. You will use the example of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in describing the three vertices (corners) of the Epidemiologic Triangle. National Library of Medicine Keywords: and Symptoms of EVD include fever, severe headache, muscle or joint pain, weakness, fatigue, sore throat, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal (stomach) pain, and, in some cases, unexplained hemorrhage (bleeding or bruising). This could explain the sporadic nature of infection and periodical outbreaks of this disease in Africa. These variables play a role in the spread of the virus in human populations. Bookshelf The site is secure. * A probable or suspected case becomes CONFIRMED when a sample from that person tests positive for EVD in laboratory. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1413685 The evolution of Ebola virus disease outbreaks. When healthcare workers became infected colleges became frightened further reducing community trust in the healthcare system. Ebola was first recognized in 1976 as the cause of outbreaks of disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then known as Zaire) and in Sudan. January 2023 [internet publication]. 2014 Oct 16;371(16):1481-95. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100#t=article, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25244186?tool=bestpractice.com. * Any person, alive or dead, who has/had Ebola symptoms and had contact with a suspected, probable or confirmed EVD case, or a dead or sick animal or with any person with unexplained bleeding or any sudden, unexplained death becomes SUSPECTED. Ebola virus disease fact sheet. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The emerging diagnostic technologies, rapid viral characterization, geospatial mapping of EVD transmission, and new treatments and vaccines are discussed. Transmission dynamics and control of Ebola virus disease (EVD): a An increase in the frequency of EVD outbreaks across decades was Clin Microbiol Infect. N Engl J Med. World Health Organization. 1978;56(2):271-93. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2395567/pdf/bullwho00439-0113.pdf, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/307456?tool=bestpractice.com. ??accessibility.screen-reader.external-link_en_US?? Spread to Nigeria and Senegal, CDC teams . It most commonly affects people and nonhuman primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas. World Health Organization. At this time, the WHO sent teams into the field to manage and trace cases. Be sure the info you fill in Epidemiologic Triangle For Ebola is updated and correct. stream Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is the international health emergency paradigm due to its epidemiological presentation pattern, impact on public health, resources necessary for its control, and need for a national and international response. Epub 2022 Jun 2. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Clinical manifestations and case management of Ebola haemorrhagic fever caused by a newly identified virus strain, Bundibugyo, Uganda, 2007-2008. xna%b83EtbQ,@.%dWg8Ci%aI$\7_wo>|r)oo7xy!RH"dsy{q&|/~h'n31;@.>aP19z2"rphVh0lGmY3/KlH1ZC0L^[`|C4ryDpX{exve&X$o+@Plp{An22P03R_2kP#PO-r7_Dn~+ZV0YVVv~U~i[eQxyn; -DBF)%9"v! Non-human primates represent a source of infection for humans, but they are considered an accidental host (akin to humans) and not a reservoir of infection. 2012 Dec 28;7(12):e52986. Total loading time: 0 However, there are social, economic, cultural, and political obstacles that continue to greatly hinder a more efficient epidemiological approach to Ebola disease, mainly in Central Africa. This vaccine is recommended as a pre-exposure vaccine for certain adults who are at risk of being exposed to Ebola virus (for example, outbreak responders, laboratorians or other staff at certain laboratories who handle specimens that might contain Ebola virus, and healthcare personnel working at state or federally designated special pathogens treatment centers). Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. The best way to understand the epidemiologic triangle is to see how epidemiologists use it to explain the spread of existing diseases. Dec 2021 [internet publication]. For graphs, geographical distribution and more details see the WEEKLY report (on Wednesdays). It also notified WHO labs across Africa to prepare to diagnose cases. Impacts of environmental and socio-economic factors on emergence and Ebola virus disease Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies However, bats are frequent residents in equatorial Africa, where they are even hunted for food. 2020 Feb 20;6(1):13. doi: 10.1038/s41572-020-0147-3. If EVD is suspected based on the persons symptoms and exposure to Ebola virus, such as having close contact with an Ebola-infected person, he or she should be isolated (separated from other people) immediately and the local health department should be notified. Epidemiology of Epidemic Ebola Virus Disease in Conakry and Surrounding The Reston ebolavirus is dangerous for crab-eating macaque (cynomolgus) monkeys, which were farmed in the Philippines and subsequently imported into the United States and Italy. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03535.x/full World Health Organization. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. pp. Ebola (Ebola virus disease) - Epidemiology Annu Rev Virol. Outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in the Republic of the Congo, 2003: a new strategy? PDF Understanding the Epidemiologic Triangle through Infectious Disease - CDC Although the virus is not transmitted via food or water, and the proper cooking of foods should inactivate infectious particles, ingestion of contaminated food may represent a possible route of exposure in natural infections. You can read their DAILY Situation Summary. The Epidemiologic Triangle The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines an outbreak or epidemic as "the occurrence of more cases of disease, injury, or other health condition than expected in a given area or among a specific group of persons during a specific period." Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the most virulent pathogens among viral hemorrhagic fevers affecting economically deprived countries of the world with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% due to multiorgan failure and severe bleeding complications. Am J Public Health. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722250?tool=bestpractice.com About three hundred people in each of the two nations were infected with the virus, resulting in a mortality rate of 88% in Zaire, and 53% in Sudan (Bulletin of the WHO 1978). The Epidemiologic Triangle is a model that scientists have developed for studying health problems. Back to basics in COVID-19: Antigens and antibodies-Completing the puzzle. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is an often deadly illness caused by the Ebola virus. The Epidemiological Presentation Pattern of Ebola Virus Disease WHO recommended criteria for declaring the end of the Ebola virusdisease. What are the benefits of exercise on cardiovascular health? Organize key facts from your research by agent, host and environment. Each genus includes some serotypes with the distinctive characteristics to cause high mortality rate during outbreaks. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 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ebola epidemiological triangle