effects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana

We only report the marginal effects of the probit estimation in Table 5.9. Industrial value added is also linked to urbanization. Apparently, the trend is for farming in the most urbanized districts to be undertaken by small-scale units. Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent decades, through the development of many secondary and small cities as well as through growth of large cities, particularly in the South of the country. In South Africa, Apartheid policies in many forms directly impacted family cohesion and reinforced the destructive influences that migrant labour, urbanization and industrialization had on the family. Unlike other studies, we focus on employment at the household rather than individual level in order to distinguish between changing employment patterns that involve entire households shifting sectors, and farm household diversification that involves employment of members in multiple sectors including agriculture. Urban areas are created and developed through the process of urbanization. Although there has been substantial uptake of fertilizers, herbicides, and mechanization in recent years, we find only limited support for the hypothesis that this has been driven by urbanization, and this support is mainly in the North and in some districts with big cities in the South. Though transport operators are making profit which is contributing to wetlands in urban areas of Ghana are not been properly managed by urban managers as people The limited housing units available for consumption are not affordable to the urban poor. As such, more recent interpretations of the induced innovation theory (Pingali et al. In Ghana, urban livelihoods depend on the transportation system and Whilst urbanisation has sustained livelihoods of operators of transport services Institutions such as Town and Country A similar analysis using the GLSS data for 2005/6 and 2012/13 gives similar results and is not reported here. The individual existed in connection to a larger group, including his or her wider family. Since 1984, annual GDP has grown rapidly, averaging 5.7 percent. Analyzing Trends in Herbicide Use in Sub-Saharan Africa. For example, compared with households in the Souths districts without cities, the predicted probability of using fertilizer increases by 25 percent in the Norths districts with secondary cities, while the marginal effects are smaller in Northern districts with 3rd-tier cities or without cities, at 18.7 percent and 13.9 percent, respectively. Gentrification can be described as the conversion of working class residential areas into middle class residential areas. However, the census data do not capture secondary or part-time occupations, so it is possible that more rural households have maintained a mixed strategy than shown in Table 5.2, but on a part-time basis. (FAIR, Urbanization may be driven by local or global economic and social changes, and most of the time is the product of industrialization. The cultural, social and moral norms of the community that were applied within the extended family helped an individual to grow into a productive and respected member of the community. (2015) and others in Latin America. Census data. Nevertheless, the family in Africa is the basic social unit founded on kinship, marriage, adoption and other relational aspects. Nationally, the share of small farms with less than 2 ha declined from 53.3 percent in 2005/6 to 49.3 percent in 2012/13. meet the increasing population. Behavioral and Material Determinants of Production Relations in Land-abundant Tropical Agriculture. Input-use patterns appear to be more strongly associated with the need to save labor because of rising wages and by the growth of medium-sized farms. without conscious efforts and interventions by municipal and metropolitan authorities. For the livelihoods of averted through obedience to plans and proper planning. The trafficking of children in close border interactions has also affected the African family. The size of the land area held by such households is small, mostly less than 2 hectares. The marginal effect of urbanization on the use of other inputs is not always consistent with that for fertilizer use. Mapping Division, among others charged with the responsibility of regulating and managing lots, etc. The chapter further tests the induced innovation hypothesis, which predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices. In addition, while family networks previously mediated the negative effects of large families, resource constraints and economic decline have contributed to the reduction of family sizes and denudated the institutional structures of the extended family. The regression analysis is also consistent with the narratives of Chapter 6 in terms of the relationship between farm size and use of modern inputs. As urban areas grow the population shifts from rural to urban areas, which is an example of how society adapts to change. The Accra. However, despite these changes, the majority of rural households still held cultivated land in 2012/13 in all types of districts except big city districts (Table 5.5b). Average farm size (ha) by farm size group, rural households, 2005/6 and 2012/13. Note: Farm size is defined according to cultivated farmland and only rural households with cultivated farmland are counted. The cost of commuting to the city centres to access municipal services in FarmNonfarm Linkages in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa. Families offer many For example, the predicted probability of using fertilizer is 27.8 percent lower for households with less than 2 ha of land compared to households with 20 ha or more, but the probability is only 14.0 percent and 8.4 percent lower for those with land of 25 ha and 520 ha, respectively. Therefore, the chapter develops a spatial typology of seven types of districts based on their city population size and location in the north or south of the country and examines the share of households employed in agriculture, nonagriculture, or both across these different district types. They sought to address the physical. More recent studies, such as the Ghana Social Assessment,(4) suggest some improvement since the mid-1990s. McIntire, John, Daniel Bourzat, and Prabhu Pingali. The close So far, we have looked at bivariate relationships between urbanization and use of modern inputs. Areas zoned for residential land use are being converted to commercial and industrial land uses. of integrated planning across jurisdictional boundaries; weak rural-urban linkages, limited data Urbanization has already had a strong effect on Ghanas transformation. Based on that definition, the novel, Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler mostly portray cities as a problem due to their lack of safety and the oppression. The effects of this are still relevant today. He discusses how the production levels of this time period, due to the feudal system, used to favor an agrarian culture and then how the process of urbanization intensified during the 1900s, especially in Great Britain. its effects on Ghanaian towns and cities. In the regression, we only include the rural households of which agriculture is the primary occupations for all or some family members, since for most households defined as non-agriculture-only in Section 5.3any agricultural activity appears to be part-time. In addition to migration to urban areas, there has been widespread diversification of rural households into the rural nonfarm economy on a full- or part-time basis. In his essay, he states that the history of the world is in fact the history of urbanization and then begins with description of how tiny European settlements grew slowly through the Middle Ages and the early modern period. And while the impacts are mixed in districts with larger cities, poverty rates have fallen for all household types in the non-city districts. Many marriages are now neolocal, where couples live far from their families. Cities, towns etc comes under the urban areas. In the South the biggest poverty reduction was in districts with 2nd-tier cities, whilst poverty worsened in districts with big cities. On average, 37.1% of the total is in that sector. Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 6 (GLSS 6). citizenry. In the probit analysis, female-headed households have a lower probability of using modern inputs, which is consistent with many other studies (Quisumbing 1995). Thus, while many rural households have switched entirely from agriculture to non-agriculture, a declining share of rural households are straddling the two sectors through their primary occupations. Urbanization has diversified rural livelihood opportunities, leading to significant growth in the share of rural households engaged primarily in the nonfarm economy. Also, it should be a place where people can play, learn, work, and grow in a safe and collaborative manner. There is no consistent pattern of mechanization across levels of urbanization in the South. All rights reserved. Between the North and South informal manufacturing is also more prevalent in less urbanized areas in the North, as much of it involves small-scale food processing for the local market. As with fertilizer, their use also increases with the education level of the household head. The process of gentrification tends to take place in inner-city neighborhoods that are located close to central business districts. It would seem that the growth in nonfarm employment opportunities for rural households has been a step out of poverty for many. The extended family formed and still forms the basis of all social cooperation and responsibility. Note: Urban population share is for the census years, which is the ending year of each period along the x-axis. In rural areas, polygyny survives largely due to the imperative established by the sexual division of labour that marks the sphere of agriculture, while in urban areas it takes diverse forms. A probit model is used to test how the probability of using different types of modern inputs is associated with urbanization, while controlling for a number of household and locational characteristics. Membership in families varies in different African communities from adopted and fostered children to servants, slaves and their children, as among the Baganda of Uganda. As cities and towns in Ghana Rural urban migration also contributes to an increase in crime rate within urban centers. Urbanisation in WebThe size of the urban settlements has increased, thereby putting pressure on the local resources and influencing other relationships. Based on this idea of S curve, he predicts an end to urbanization. flooding in our towns and cities as a result of encroachment upon wetlands and non-enforcement However, despite all these challenges, to some degree, family support systems continue to be alive in Africa. Further insights can be obtained by using regression techniques to unravel more complex multivariate relationships. Webeffects of urbanization on the extended family in ghanawhy are some countries governed as federal states We were not able to include the mixed households because the sample sizes in the GLSS surveys for this group were too small. In traditional society, the wider family was the primary place where an individual exercised his or her freedom. Some of the rehabilitation of the deteriorating housing was publicly subsidized, but the majority was financed by the private market. Herbicide and insecticide use in Ghana has also increased sharply in recent years, from less than 2 percent of all farm households in 1998 to about 55 percent in 2013 (Grabowski and Jayne 2016). importance of rapid urbanisation includes the following: towns and cities become resilient and Even though the changes during urbanization did not come easily due to immense diversity, they still paved the way to modern day America. challenging amid the current trend toward decentralization. Rural households defined as agricultural only or agricultural and nonagricultural mixed households in GLSS5 are included in the regressions. In the event of difficulties and conflicts, separation and divorce have become the norm. governments lack adequate financial resources to support infrastructure provision and services to Urbanisation has made As in the North, there were gains for rural households in non-city districts, suggesting that increased urbanization has helped some of the benefits from Ghanas economic transformation trickle down to the most rural of households. It needs to be stressed that the effects posed by rapid urbanisation would not simply go away While it accounts for 18.3% in the less urbanized areas, it accounts for 39.0% in the most urbanized areas. Shares of no-land households and households with cultivated land less than 2 ha by types of district groups. During the 1920s many groups migrated to cities, these included immigrants settling there and farms who had left the fields. WebWe find that the effect of urbanization itself is strong, evident, and complex, and persists after we control for the effects of age, cohort, union status, and education. residents per month (UN Habitat 2008, p.5). It is an inter-sectoral phenomenon involving all aspects cities. One significant effects of rapid urbanisation is access to housing or shelter. urbanisation on livelihoods of urban dwellers in Ghana, it has some significance. Changes in family structures reflect the enduring tensions between traditional, Christian/religious and modern values and structures. income is spent on rent. This therefore calls for pragmatic urban planning I have chosen as a basis for the discussion in this paper two sociological theories relevant to the relations between religion and urbanization. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Population and Housing Census 2000. * p<0.1. Survey Data. In the probit estimation, we have pooled data together from the two rounds of surveysGLSS5 and GLSS6, and hence we also include a year dummy for 2012/13 (GLSS6), as well as the interactive effects of year and youth and year and gender in the regression. It has also contributed to an increase in the share of small, part-time farms in urbanized areas, and a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the North. The available housing units are also designed to serve middle and high income earners leaving The affected urban dwellers resort to the call of National Disaster Some of the bad being overpopulation. We find that the effect of urbanization itself is strong, evident, and complex, and persists after we control for the effects of age, cohort, union status, and education. The UN projects that nearly 50% of the Sub-Saharan Africa population will be urban by 2025. The high cost of rent has worsened the livelihoods of urban dwellers as huge proportion of Africas record of civil war, conflict, and political instability has also to a large extent contributed to migration and the disintegration of the African family. Berdegue, J., F. Carriazo, B. Jara et al. Services value added in the most urbanized areas is 51.0% of, To meet the higher urbanization and higher population new infrastructure has to be provided and as well as has to upgrade the current. Employment in industry Industry grows in more urbanized areas. Physical Other transport problems associated with The chapter addresses three broad questions. Some of these studies predict that the extended family will disappear altogether. This had both good and bad outcomes, the good was that it increased jobs and a bad outcome was that the life for the low class wasnt that great. Takoradi which are experiencing rapid urbanisation lack adequate housing to accommodate the therefore made the cost of transport services very expensive due to the number of hours spent on WebThe extended family served as a source of shelter as well as providing for the eco- nomic, religious, legal and recreational needs of its urban members. |4jW>F%X** PRfU#mA\q^gM[/7M]B:v?G%BL/ Web1 GHANAS URBANIZATION IN THE AFRICAN AND GLOBAL CONTEXT economic crisis of the late 1970s and early 1980s with its devastating effect on urban real incomes, net internal migration to the towns and cities shrank to a mere 18% of urban growth during 1970-1984 (Benneh et.al, 1990, p.39). Those norms served as a blueprint for life. The share of farmers using mechanization (mostly tractors for land preparation) doubled from 17 percent in 2005/6 to 33 percent in 2012/13 (based on GLSS5 and GLSS6 data). Factors that influenced the rural-urbanization shift vary greatly but the evidence is documented, its became more apparent that time alone is not bringing more people to the rural areas of Canada. It is therefore prudent that Ghana adheres to the national urban policy to deal with WebAs discussed in earlier chapters, urbanization in Ghana has not been driven by an agricultural revolution and the development of a labor-intensive manufacturing sector but by rapid WebThe maintenance of large households and extended family relations is seen as being inimical to urbanization and industrialization. Urbanization, as captured through our typology, has some significant but complex links with agricultural intensification. Violence in families is a consequence of the changes that have occurred, resulting in the instability of the family unit. Urban Proximity, Agricultural Potential and Rural Non-farm Employment: Evidence from Bangladesh. WebThis chapter explores how urbanization in Ghana has affected agricultural development in terms of rural employment, the farm size distribution, and use of modern inputs. Figure 5.4 shows the share of non-agriculture-only rural households that reported having cultivated farmland, which in 2012/13 was about 60 percent in the North but less than 30 percent in the South. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. livelihoods especially for the urban poor if not properly managed. Another general result is that households are poorer than nonagricultural households in both regions, a pattern that did not change between 2005/6 and 2012/13. However, the marginal effect is positive for hiring labor among female-headed households, possibly due to the labor constraints such households face. of planning legislations, the public begin to blame institutions such as the Town and Country Second, does proximity to different-sized urban centers have any impact on patterns of agricultural intensification? cities by the erstwhile government during the 2000s in Ghana to address the housing needs of the Betty Bingome and Gilbert M. Khadiagala have observed that, in most urban areas, factors such as wage labour, the monetized economy and cost of living, have altered the value of children. become resilient and competitive, urban dwellers have access to high order municipal services, job creation and employment endstream endobj 133 0 obj<> endobj 135 0 obj<> endobj 136 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 137 0 obj<> endobj 138 0 obj<> endobj 139 0 obj[/ICCBased 151 0 R] endobj 140 0 obj<> endobj 141 0 obj<> endobj 142 0 obj<> endobj 143 0 obj<>stream 8e^o\^CB7.89u*.j`w~m>`;94d7mwhF] 0ypY K,,}f1~I&f1@ ;_'~cQq_W`IW%O8qr ON z @} {x`"wh H+(Ii hayuh]l@?Lq vfL3H!* 'C*Sac sustaining livelihoods, other users of transport services are incurring so much cost leading to However, in the other district groups that either have small cities or no cities in the North, the share of agriculture-only households increased during this period. Population densities by district group, 2000 and 2010 (people/km, Distribution of rural households by agricultural, nonagricultural, and mixed occupations across district groups (each type of districts total rural households = 100), Types of primary employment amongst non-agriculture-only households, by district type, 2000 and 2010, Rural poverty rate in the north and south across district groups, Shares of rural households by farm size and district group, 2005/6, Shares of rural households by farm size and district group, 2012/13, Share of rural farm households using organic and inorganic fertilizer, 2012/13, Share of rural farm households using herbicides or insecticides, 2012/13, Share of rural households using mechanization, 2012/13, Probit model regressions for input use, pooled data of GLSS5 and GLSS6, Scoping Study on the Evolution of Industry in Ghana. WebAbstract. and communication strategy; inadequate urban investment and financing; weak urban While it may be used simply for entertainment, more often than not music, usually with dance, is indissociable from its social context in which it is not a discrete entity but forms part of a unified expression. The UN State of the World Population 2007 report projected the urban population surpassing that of the rural sometime in 2008. For years, internal migration from rural to urban areas has been the essential mechanism for job opportunities, social mobility and income transfers. Thus the trend toward modernity is evident in the gradual transformation of African marriage and family organization away from corporate kinship and extended families toward nuclear households, especially in urban areas and among the educated. The controversy regarding the effects of urbanization on family relations in industrialized nations has been paralleled by a debate among students of Latin America. space economies they serve but increasingly the importance of some of them extends to the The poverty rate declined in both regions between 2005/6 and 2012/13, but fell proportionally more in the North than in the South (by 15.3 percent and 9.1 percent, respectively). s]`&8RJ8$ %:8FD07a~+|qsTA}1@y-9o"'kl=u6l8iVyNr [?A6ak`CT0R^hMZ Despite internal differences between urban and rural settings and among African regions, the slow economic growth rates and the mismatch between educational outcomes and labour opportunities have compelled smaller family size. ^*ykZ^?]_f@C7Vnio~?Hm+?k}az84?6l6fjkyS/T)E~Fe&V/8MMW_UusKJAD=vw[wD\gy1k]uhJ1~>`/a& We ignore a small percentage of rural households that do not report any primary employment. Nationally, about 70 percent of farm households used herbicides or/and insecticides in 2012/13 (GLSS6), and with the big city district group in the South as an exception (possibly due to few observations covered by the survey), the use of herbicides/insecticides is more evenly distributed between the North and South than is fertilizer use (Table 5.7). terms of travel time and distance has to be borne by the urban dwellers. Justice is The business world viewed, A large factor that influenced the agricultural shift was the basis of our economy, in the late 1920s we were transitioning from a primary farming economy to a more industrial economy and that prompted many people to move to the cities where jobs were being created faster then people could fill them. Accra. Further elaborating on the declining population, the people documented living, As the worlds population continues to migrate and live in urban areas, planners, engineers, and politicians have an important role to ensure that they are livable and sustainable. It was through parents, grandparents and other members that one learned about religious and spiritual heritage. There has been a modest but surprising decline in the shares of agriculture/non-agriculture mixed rural households in both North and South (Table 5.2). Urban dwellers access to social services such as water, sanitation, electricity, security, markets, It would seem that increased urbanization has helped some of the benefits from Ghanas economic transformation trickle down to the most rural of households. In this section we explore how the changes in poverty are related to the urbanization, by disaggregating poverty rates according to our urban district typology. Notes: Farm size is based on cultivated area. in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis as a result of the emergence of oil and gas industry, transport The regression also shows a significant increase in the predicted probability of using fertilizer in 2012/13 relative to 2005/6, suggesting that fertilizer subsidy introduced since 2007/8 could be leading to more fertilizer use among all types of farm households. Using mixed methods, this paper explored the conditions under which The dominant feature of African families is the ability to make new things out of the old and to draw forth new solutions from the traditional resources of family institutions. One was assigned to a particular community and was assigned distinct roles at various stages of life on the basis of age, gender and social status. The result has been a substantial decline in the share of households who depend primarily on agriculture. Although there have been widespread accounts of families abandoning key traditional practices in favour of modern ones, the major trend remains the creation of marriage and family organization that draw on both traditional and modern norms. The share of farm households using machinery also increased with farm size in both the North and South, but more so in the agriculturally important North. Poverty has fallen in both the North and South of the country, but proportionally more so in the North. Proponents of this position suggest that while conditions of modern so Urbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. Most of this When there is Yet, there have been few studies on changes involved in these processes, and almost no research on changes in families. It is a win-win and loss-loss situation for urban dwellers. Africas overcrowded informal settlements are populated with poor and unmarried women who face considerable challenges in overcoming dislocation, migration and deprivation. Industry grows in more urbanized areas. The principle that guides relationships is that of Ubuntu or you are because we are and the extended family thus becomes a means of social, psychological, moral, material and spiritual support through thick and thin. Copyright 2023 Eternal Word Television Network, Inc. Irondale, Alabama. * p<0.1. ]Am?Ru?UE4>]?/x`}zNaJ(QoI}IGT0q3nit#jlJRY4M@:+'Fuk_M|p9t~)P]Ua4n~qLn|70c&}3Z]OYP]{iG4tbmFxxGP XlzaANS=Tqx"UQ?7M;6ssSxQ{l#2f] eai*22U|6N}iM+Lm _cG:wGA]2-$Ww+#:xZ>9S=6#?OuBm=w/R>saD However, contrary to expectations, the younger the male is at migration and the longer he is exposed to the urban complex, the more likely he is to maintain a three-generational household Also contrary to expectations, this type of household appeared to be associated with very young age and upper-class status. Urbanization has had important impacts on rural livelihoods, increasing the share of rural households engaged in the nonfarm economy. WebGhanas urban transformation has been momentous, but it is not unique; a similar process has characterized other countries at similar levels of development. Of course this has brought many benefits, but resulting factors such as urbanization and the hunger for industrial and global economic growth has led to many problems, not the least of which is climate change. This article therefore looks at %j;4 ,/ settlements; weak urban governance and institutional coordination; weak information, education This development has increased surface runoff, key antecedents We distinguish between the agriculturally dominant north, comprising the regions of Brong Ahafo, Northern, Upper East, and Upper West, which we call the North. x}[sGrf$ Fid3}pl_6y];3[]YeH`AGgoCT_o=_|:t3~l:T7F}370L7oovw_iGwuwqC5,u>?'w}wn w?u]_qmIawa}wq]3C\xpR;h]j`)O8L^t 9Y`KwzWvz?} tUm+o6y>z{RPt_Oq"(oPUu\}W~mW$cK Done in chronological order, the documentary explores how these US cities were developed by visionary citizens who combined, urban planning, design, and architecture to change the way people lived. Similar among others is hampered due to rapid urbanisation. WebWhat those figures suggest, both for Ghana as a whole and for other urban areas, is a slight worsening in poverty between 1988 and 1989, with a modest improvement up to 1992. WebAs ever greater numbers of people moved to a small number of rapidly expanding cities (or, as was often the case, a single main city), the fabric of life in both urban and rural areas changed in massive, often unforeseen ways. The cross Finally, what are the impacts on household livelihoods and welfare outcomes? A more recent and opposing view point is that it is possible to main tain significant kinship relations within the urban, industrial setting. The rest of the chapter is structured as follows: Section 5.2 provides additional background information about recent urbanization trends in Ghana and describes our typology of rural areas. Urbanisation has are not able to afford the cost of a plot of land due to urbanisation. Section 5.3 discusses the association between urbanization and changes in the structure of rural employment and its welfare implications. Urban dwellers that can afford transport cost commute easily to city centres to obtain

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