local studies about oregano as mosquito repellent

If used against mosquito larvae, such insecticides . 2019, 34 . The heterogeneity in the results of the previous studies might be stem from differences in compound concentrations, application dosages, mosquito species, formulations and the assessment method of repellency, as in some trials the protection time until mosquitoes landed was recorded, whereas in the majority of studies the time until mosquitoes bite was considered. 2012;49:86. dirus. Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M, Arivoli S, Tennyson S, Benelli G. Larvicidal and repellent potential of Zingiber nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell (Zingiberaceae) essential oil: an eco-friendly tool against malaria, dengue, and lymphatic filariasis mosquito vectors? 2003;89:1859. Article However, studies have focused more on the search for active compounds than on optimal formulations [8, 29]. Prado JM, Leal PF, Meireles MAA, Eds. All other botanical. Traditional use of mosquito-repellent plants in western Kenya and their evaluation in semi-field experimental huts against Anopheles gambiae: ethnobotanical studies and application by thermal expulsion and direct burning. dirus for 6h [44] and An. Barnard DR. Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). PubMed Textile treated with mosquito repellent is a revolutionary innovation to protect human from the bites of mosquito borne disease such as Dengue. PubMed 2010;20:16728. Effectiveness of citronella preparations in preventing mosquito bites: systematic review of controlled laboratory experimental studies. All data were independently extracted by two reviewers and disagreements were solved by discussion, and if necessary, a third author was involved. jie litjl smnuktiefhusky uedfr tlf prhpfr jhedmtmhes. Ovicidal, repellent, adulticidal and field evaluations of plant extract against dengue, malaria and filarial vectors. Comparison of manufacturing cost of thyme extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction and steam distillation. In the present systematic review the highest repellency effect against Anopheles mosquitoes was found from L. sinense extract, followed by citronella, pine, D. sissoo, peppermint and R. mucronata oils with complete protection time ranging from 9.1 to 11.5h. Essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and C. longa also showed good repellency with 8h complete repellency against different species of Anopheles genus. Use screens on windows and doors. 2015;114:60112. Before Statement of Goals and Objectives. Konan Y, Sylla M, Doannio J, Traor S. Comparison of the effect of two excipients (karite nut butter and vaseline) on the efficacy of Cocos nucifera, Elaeis guineensis and Carapa procera oil-based repellents formulations against mosquitoes biting in Ivory Coast. dirus. minimus for 2h. Moreover, 20% gel of clove protected against An. Google Scholar. The 20% oil solution of catnip in the study carried out by Amer et al. of crushed dried oregano, then add the oregano extract and add hot water to make paste like consistency and then mix . Malaria Journal Trop Biomed. In addition, a manual search was conducted to identify further pertinent articles using references from retrieved studies. Parasitol Res. Parasitol Res. This study attempts to ascertain the degree of repellency of the said indigenous plants against Aedes aegypti and to use it as . Mosquitoes are believed to be one of the dangerous insects in the world, as they bring diseases fatal to mankind. Access to full-text content in BioOne Complete from this IP address has been suspended. The study should provide the answers to the following questions; 1.) Garlic also contains these sulfur compounds. National Library of Medicine megkinnithry, ietm-`ijtfrmik, ietm-hxmdiet, ietm-gueaik ied ietm-vmrik prhpfrtmfs. Malar J. Epub 2022 Aug 6. Marigolds possesses an unpleasant smell mosquito hate. [58] used clove essential oil at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations against An. In order to create natural mixture this can kill insects. Essential oils of Cupressus funebris, Juniperus communis, and J. chinensis (Cupressaceae) as repellents against ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and as toxicants against mosquitoes. The IR3535-based repellent protected for an average of 22.9 minutes. Correspondence to A literature review. And oregano leaves and lemongrass can be use as natural mosquito repellent . Google Scholar. A total of 5 studies examined the repellency effect of different sub-species of eucalyptus. This study was based on using the oil extracts from local leaves namely: Hyptis Sauveolens, Mentha spicata, and Cymbopogon citratus leaves as mosquito repellent. Part of Zhnf hg mts fggfjts irf nikirmi wlmjl ms tlf dmsfisf jiusfd `y i prhthzhi, dfitl. Conclusion: Oregano oil 40% exhibited more repellency compared to commercial insect repellent stick containing 33% DEET. The repellency effect of orange against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 4 studies. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. Tuetun B, Choochote W, Kanjanapothi D, Rattanachanpichai E, Chaithong U, Chaiwong P, et al. 2011 Dec;36(2):258-68. doi: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00166.x. It has been identified that chemical repellents are not safe for public health and should be used with caution because of their detrimental impacts on synthetic fabric and plastic as well as toxic reactions, such as allergy, dermatitis, and cardiovascular and neurological side effects, which have been reported generally after misapplication [4]. Biological and pharmacological activities of carvacrol and carvacrol bearing essential oils. Because it is natural, it cannot harm our environment unlike other insect killers which can also harm our environment. Swathi S, Murugananthan G, Ghosh S, Pradeep A. Larvicidal and repellent activities of ethanolic extract of Datura stramonium leaves against mosquitoes. Oregano is an abundant plant in Tayabas and can be found in different places in the Philippines or even in any part of the world. PubMed Central This review calls for the attention of entomologists and people in the field of mosquito-transmitted diseases for understanding the value and potential position of the plant-derived repellents and their role in disease control. J King Saud Univ Sci. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. PMC Lhwfvfr, me niey mnphrtiet jlirijtfrmstmjs tlf iehplfkmefs, (Iehplfkfs spp. Exp Appl Acarol. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Bring water to a boil in a pot and then turn off the heat. Carroll JF, Tabanca N, Kramer M, Elejalde NM, Wedge DE, Bernier UR, Coy M, Becnel JJ, Demirci B, Baer KH, Zhang J, Zhang S. J Vector Ecol. Lupi E, Hatz C, Schlagenhauf P. The efficacy of repellents against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Ixodes spp. The sample size for each treatment was 20 mosquitoes. J Vector Borne Dis. 2003;88:25360. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Jeyabalan D, Arul N, Thangamathi P. Studies on effects of Pelargonium citrosa leaf extracts on malarial vector. mosquitoes. Imagine a natural mosquito repellant without using strong DEET's and other pesticides . Parasite. 2008;149:112. of crushed charcoal, and 6 tsp. First, a poorly inspected confounding aspect is the effect of sweating on the effectiveness and protection time of repellents, which are approximately all water-soluble, and this might limits the comparability of repellents. Use air conditioning, if available. The study by Sritabutra et al. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of lemongrass extract (LE) against rice green leafhopper (GLH) as a biopesticide. Tavassoli et al. Oregano breeding is still in its infancy compared with traditional crops. Finally, current studies are difficult to be compared and the repellency effectiveness may also differ among subspecies. stephensi mosquitoes. stephensi for 4.36h. Basilisan annual plant of the Ocimum genus, which belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is used in traditional medicine in many parts of the world [74]. 1990;31:455. Haldar KM, Ghosh P, Chandra G. Larvicidal, adulticidal, repellency and smoke toxic efficacy of Ficus krishnae against Anopheles stephensi Liston and Culex vishnui group mosquitoes. Accordingly, the idea of using natural mosquito repellent products as an alternative to develop new eco-friendly repellents could be an amicable solution to scale back the undesirable effects on environment and human health. A total of 383 studies were found by the initial literature search of the databases. Insects. Trop Med Int Health. In another study [6], 20% oil solutions of peppermint had 57% repellency and complete protection time for 6.5h against An. minimus for 0.5h [45]. Amer A, Mehlhorn H. Repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes. Google Scholar. bottle, add 2 oz. found that tagetes extract is not affective against An. Elliott, C.; Hajslova, J. Rajkumar S, Jebanesan A. Repellent activity of selected plant essential oils against the malarial fever mosquito Anopheles stephensi. J Agric Food Chem. The 40% oregano es-sential oil exhibited 100% repellency against bed bug at 3, 5, 9 and 24h after application while the repellency index of DEET 33% was 100% at 3 and 5h and it decreased to 80% and 27% at 9 and 24 hours. Kumar KP, Murugan K, Kovendan K, Kumar AN, Hwang J-S, Barnard DR. The field trial was implemented during the period July 13-August 3 in catch basins, which constitute one of their most common breeding sites and therefore are regularly submitted to larval control. 1. Once a week, empty and scrub, turn over, cover, or throw out items that hold water, such as tires, buckets, planters . Among 500 species of Anopheles mosquitoes known globally, more than 50 species can transmit malaria from the bite of the infected female Anopheles spp. 2012;38:1416. Allow it to sit for 15 minutes. It can also act as a repellent against adult mosquitoes, most notably the Asian tiger mosquito. Google Scholar. Catnip oil. De Paula JP, Gomes-Carneiro MR, Paumgartten FJ. It contains the chemical compound Carroll which acts to peel insect. Within one study, published in Phytomedicine, lemongrass oil was comparable to commercial mosquito repellent. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Asian Pac J Trop Dis. For this systematic review, all eligible studies on the repellency effects of plant-based repellants against Anopheles spp. and Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison). Qlmkf synpthns jie pfrsmst ghr up th 7 nhetls, heky 422 pfhpkf pfr yfir irf megfjtfd, ied tlf vmrus ms rirfky gitik. Flor-Weiler LB, Behle RW, Eller FJ, Muturi EJ, Rooney AP. Larvicidal and repellent activity of the essential oil from Atalantia monophylla on three mosquito vectors of public health importance, with limited impact on non-target zebra fish. Curr Biol. They normally live in wetlands, but they can live in a variety of places such as man-made containers and sewerages and puddles. 2008;103:52934. California Privacy Statement, Lara M, Gutierrez J, Timon M, Andrs A. Kongkaew C, Sakunrag I, Chaiyakunapruk N, Tawatsin A. While, in the study conducted by Govindarajan et al. 1. The repellency effect of clove against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 6 studies. Malar J 18, 436 (2019). The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. The University of Guelph researchers published their findings in the March 1996 Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, concluding that Deet, the old chemical standby, reduced bites by 90%, but "there was no . after screening titles/abstracts; 11 were review publications; 8 investigated the repellency impact of chemical-based repellents or animal extracts; 7 studies were conducted on laboratory animals; 12 were abstracts, conference papers, comments, and editorials; 10 studies had not reported sufficient data regarding the percentage of repellency or complete protection time; and, 15 studies were other irrelevant studies. I think this is one of the most unique uses of oil of oregano. Many studies have reported evidence of repellant activities of plant extracts or essential oils against malaria vectors worldwide. 2009;9:26458. At a concentration of 0.413 mg oil/cm2 of filter paper, O. onites EO repelled 100% of the ticks tested and at 0.103 mg oil/cm2 of filter paper, 66.7% of the ticks were repelled. 2011;4:698705. 2. To be able to test the efficacy of mint, calamansi and chili as a repellent. 2012;111:224151. Against Ae. Baskar K, Sudha V, Nattudurai G, Ignacimuthu S, Duraipandiyan V, Jayakumar M, et al. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2008;15:1012. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2006. p. 275304. The results of this study showed that some plants essential oils and extracts have significant repellent activity against Anopheles spp. Das M, Ansari M. Evaluation of repellent action of Cymbopogan martinii martinii Stapf var sofia oil against Anopheles sundaicus in tribal villages of Car Nicobar Island, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. Panneerselvam C, Murugan K. Adulticidal, repellent, and ovicidal properties of indigenous plant extracts against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Repair holes in screens to keep mosquitoes outdoors. 2011;1:S1138. The studies in the last two decades have focused on the search for new natural repellents and some plants displayed good repellent activities, but few natural products have been developed so far [88, 89]. Shake to cover all the leaves well with oil. Karunamoorthi K, Ilango K, Murugan K. Laboratory evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellent against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae). In 2 studies, repellency effectiveness of rosemary was reported. Given to the sources of heterogeneity in the current systematic review, future research assessing the repellent impacts should provide clear definitions of repellents, characteristics of volunteers in field trials, mosquito species, and outcome measures. Anopheles dirus was repelled by clove for 1h in laboratory conditions in Thailand [47]. Constituents of essential oils from three plant species used in traditional medicine and insect control in Tanzania. [44] found that hairy basil oil provides 100% protection against An. Chemical properties of essential oil from Rhizophora mucronata mangrove leaf against malarial mosquito Anopheles stephensi and filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. minimus for 0.83h. Similarly, Sritabutra et al. Many studies have reported evidence of repellant activities of plant extracts or essential oils against malaria vectors worldwide. 2012;4:257. The search was limited to English publications. A typical mosquito coil can measure around 15 cm in diameter. The O. onites EO was characterised using GC-FID and GC-MS. Carvacrol (75.70%), linalool (9.0%), p-cymene (4.33%) and thymol (1.9%) were the most abundant compounds. Enviro Sci Pollut Res. stephensi. Hrfaieh iksh lis `ffe usfd me tridmtmheik nfdmjmefs ghr sujl imknfets is, istlni, jrinpmea, dmirrlfi, ied medmafstmhe. stephensi for 7.5h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. 2006;1:911. [44] also reported that citronella could repel Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles dirus for 8 and 6h, respectively. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/71810. It is used for the treatment of indigestion problems, muscle pain, insect bites, and menstruation symptoms, bacterial and fungal infections. dirus [47], respectively. Nour AH, Elhussein SA, Osman NA, Nour AH. Yogananth N, Anuradha V, Ali MYS, Muthezhilan R, Chanthuru A, Prabu MM. Ansari et al. Second, in field trial studies, the number of human volunteers as well as the season during which the trial had been performed differed among the included studies. P. 19. The purposes of this study were to (1) control mosquitoes in a cowshed by using a new mosquito trap, called Mos-hole trap, which was developed for mosquito control in human living areas, (2) test out the efficiency of the new method to control mosquitoes in a cowshed and (3) study the attraction of mosquito towards Mos-hole traps at different . Among aromatic plants, spices essential oils (EOs) are the most suitable to protect food from insect pests. Govindarajan M, Mathivanan T, Elumalai K, Krishnappa K, Anandan A. Ovicidal and repellent activities of botanical extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Ansari M, Vasudevan P, Tandon M, Razdan R. Larvicidal and mosquito repellent action of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil. Some data proposes that these agents interfere with olfactory receptors of mosquitoes [82]. Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M, Sivakumar R. Repellent properties of Delonix elata (L) Gamble (Family: Fabaceae) against malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Liston)(Diptera: Culicidae). In the Philippines, numerous plants repel mosquitoes including lemongrass and oregano for its strong scented-aroma. To compare chemical composition of the extracts with those of Lemongrass. Oregano, a member of Lamiaceae family of plants has been known to be a natural insecticide by preventing egg laying and larval development. Amerasan D, Murugan K, Kovendan K, Kumar PM, Panneerselvam C, Subramaniam J, et al. [6] reported that 20% oil solutions of both camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) had 100% repellency affect against An. Asian Pac J Trop Med. The researchers therefore conclude that Oregano can use as alternative mosquito repellent. Outcomes measures were percentage repellency and protection time. Step Three: Add the essential oils of your choice. MeSH Parasitol Res. Yeh R-Y, Shiu Y-L, Shei S-C, Cheng S-C, Huang S-Y, Lin J-C, et al. See answer (1) Best Answer. It has a warm and distinct odor of oregano that mosquito hates. Asian Pac J Trop Med. Methods for evaluating efficacy of core malaria interventions in experimental and operational settings are well established but gaps exist for spatial repellents (SR). Saudi J Biol Sci. [6], with 100% protection against An. Presently, there is no effective prophylactic anti-malarial vaccine and no suitable preventive measure other than vector control is available [5]. Aim: This qualitative study was aimed at testing the repellent efficacy; and suitability of Cymbopogoncitratus (Lemongrass) for the development of natural product-based mosquito repellent. Nevertheless, another study [58] reported that the complete protection time of thyme at its maximum concentration (100%) is 1.7h against Anopheles albimanus. 2013;11:374411. 2015;46:596601. Durrani F, Ismail M, Sultan A, Suhail S, Chand N, Durrani Z. stephensi for 8h, had a good effectiveness in preventing An. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. Whether it's for culinary use or use as mosquito repellent plants! The 20% oil solution of rosemary in the study conducted by Amer et al. bites has not yet been completely clarified. Abiy E, Gebre-Michael T, Balkew M, Medhin G. Repellent efficacy of DEET, MyggA, neem (Azedirachta indica) oil and chinaberry (Melia azedarach) oil against Anopheles arabiensis, the principal malaria vector in Ethiopia. 10. Keywords: All titles and abstracts were screened by two independent investigators for eligibility. While alternative uses such as excite-repellency and spatial activity have also been examined [87]. Nevertheless, Birkett et al. Essential Oil Composition of Pimpinella cypria and its Insecticidal, Cytotoxic, and Antimicrobial Activity. 2014;2:707. Hrfaieh ms ie lfr` tlit lis `ffe juktmvitfd ghr jfeturmfs me tlf Nfdmtfrriefie, irfi, iktlhual mt ehw jie `f ghued he nhst jhetmefets. Malar J. DEET Sci. If a consensus was not reached, another reviewer was consulted to resolve any feasible discrepancies. Govindarajan M. Larvicidal and repellent activities of Sida acuta Burm. `fjhnf ipprhprmitf tirafts ghr jhetrhk ijtmvmtmfs (Nhsqumth, e.d.). [6], with complete protection time for 8h, had a good effectiveness in preventing against An. J Appl Sci. Of the 324 excluded citations, 102 were duplicated studies; 149 were not relevant to the repellency effect of plants on Anopheles spp. 2013;112:67992. 2019, 276, 726-734. . The oregano, Origanum onites L., essential oil (EO) was tested in laboratory behavioural bioassays for repellent activity against Amblyomma americanum (L.) and Aedes aegypti (L.). PubMed Central Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Natural and Synthetic Repellents for Pest Management of the Storage Mite. Morehead JA. Repellency effects of essential oils of Myrtle (Myrtus communis), Marigold (Calendula officinalis) compared with DEET against Anopheles stephensi on human volunteers. Prabhu K, Murugan K, Nareshkumar A, Ramasubramanian N, Bragadeeswaran S. Larvicidal and repellent potential of Moringa oleifera against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae). Hook. J Commun Dis. J Vector Borne Dis. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Panneerselvam C, Murugan K, Kovendan K, Kumar PM. The objective of this study was to compare three different techniques: (1) collection of blood-fed mosquitoes (feeding), (2) human landing catch (HLC), and (3) CDC light trap (CDC-LT) collections for measuring the indoor . Lhwfvfr, me jhuetrmfs kmcf tlf Rlmkmppmefs, Hrfaieh ms i, rhsnirmemj ijmd jhnphued, tlynhk, ied jirvijrhk tlit irf rfsphesm`kf ghr mts ietm-. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. CAS 2011;72:10914. The plant is related to the . In contrast, Seyoum et al. and transmitted securely. Pol J Microbiol. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted A study published in the NIH and a local biologist VERIFY lavender is a good option for a natural, effective mosquito repellent. Paraffin wax should be melted until it reaches between 122 and 140F (50 and 60C). Lemongrass is a natural repellent for mosquitoes as it contains a scent that mosquitoes hate. 2011;16:80210. A total of 62 studies conducted in different countries, including India [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40], Thailand [4, 5, 41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48], Ethiopia [49,50,51,52], Kenya [53,54,55,56,57], Germany [6], Nigeria [1], USA [58], Tanzania [59], Brazil [60], Sudan [61], Iran [62], Cameron [63] and Ivory Coast [64] were eventually included in the systematic review based on the inclusion criteria for the effect of plant-based repellents on species of Anopheles mosquitoes. stephensi for 3.5h. Phasomkusolsil et al. Ghr nhst pfhpkf me tlf Vemtfd Ztitfs ied Furhpf, nhsqumthfs kfivf heky mtjly, rfd `unps. Nhsqumthfs piss tlrhual ghur dmstmejt, stiafs me tlfmr kmgf jyjkf? 2008;319:183842. Finally, a field test was performed in order to evaluate the potency of the oregano EO as both larvicidal and repellent against mosquitoes. 2008;14(29):3106-19. doi: 10.2174/138161208786404227. 1989;34:7796. Article Indian Forester. Mosquitoes are attracted to people by skin odors and the carbon dioxide from breath (Bowen 1991). 2. albimanus and found that all concentrations of clove provided complete repellency ranging from 1.25 to 3.55h, depending on the concentration applied. The oregano, Origanum onites L., essential oil (EO) was tested in laboratory behavioural bioassays for repellent activity against Amblyomma americanum (L.) and Aedes aegypti (L.). A typical mosquito coil can measure around 15 cm in diameter. This species is famed for its. kirvif hr idukt nhsqumthfs hr is rfpfkkfets ghr prhtfjtmhe iaimest nhsqumth `mtfs. Seyoum A, Plsson K, Kunga S, Kabiru E, Lwande W, Killeen G, et al. 2016;6:9738. 2015;437:2826. dirus, respectively. In: Foundation Ciba, editor. [6], narrow-leaved eucalyptus, lemon-scented eucalyptus, and broad-leaved eucalyptus protected against An. Govindarajan M, Kadaikunnan S, Alharbi NS, Benelli G. Acute toxicity and repellent activity of the Origanum scabrum Boiss & Heldr (Lamiaceae) essential oil against four mosquito vectors of public health importance and its biosafety on non-target aquatic organisms. 2000;71:26771. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. [6] and Tawatsin et al. Bioresource Technol. Synergistic larvicidal and repellent effects of essential oils of three Origanum species on Rhipicephalus annulatus tick. Food Chem. F. (Family: Malvaceae) against three important vector mosquitoes. By using this website, you agree to our Thymeisone of nine species belonging to T. serpyllum, aperennialaromaticplantoftheMediterranean flora [69]. [6], with mean percentage repellency of 42.8% and complete protection time against An. To be able to compare the use of the mint, calamansi and chili repellent to not using any repellent at all. Azadirachta indica1 seeds were socked in hexane overnight and extract was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated by rotary evaporator. The O. onites EO was characterised using GC-FID and GC-MS. Carvacrol (75.70%), linalool (9.0%), p-cymene (4.33%) and thymol (1.9%) were the most abundant compounds. Larvicidal dose-response laboratory testing showed promising results for carvacrolrich oregano oil and pure carvacrol against Cx. Olfaction in mosquito-host interactions. The present study was conducted to determine the mosquito repellent activities of some selected plant materials in order to obtain safe and efficient herbal mosquito repellent formulations by combinations of the selected plant materials. Maheswaran R, Ignacimuthu S. Bioefficacy of essential oil from Polygonum hydropiper L. against mosquitoes, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. . Barnard et al. All necessary for Pest Control https://amzn.to/2rLU5CG-----Oregano oil contains compounds known to repel mosquitoes. government site. The study is to utilize lemongrass, garlic, and marigold (Maia & Moore, 2011). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help

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