lye), which cleaves the ester bond, releasing fatty acid salts (soaps) and glycerol. 2 How is it different? Soap doesnt kill bacteria, so how does soap work to clean your hands? woud TCsuii *nen starch combined wilh Benedict & roajent? Which is more basic: your soap or detergent? On the above structure, add interactions to water molecules: positive ion to hydrogen dipole and negative ion to oxygen dipole. It can turn to be yellow or orange when this. Saponification Observations. If the chemical comes into contact with your skin, immediately rinse with water for a minimum of fifteen minutes and notify your instructor. The ancient Roman tradition called for mixing rain water, potash and animal tallow (rendered form of beef or mutton fat). Soapmaking is an ancient technique which includes the mixing of water, a solution formed from burned wood ashes and fats and/or oils. changeMonth: true, Studypool matches you to the best tutor to help you with your question. You must stir for 20-45 minutes. The reaction of fatty acids with base is the other main method of saponification. The soap came to the top, was skimmed off, and placed in wooden molds to cure. Use a blank sheet of paper to answer the following questions. Place 4 drops of mineral oil into each of 3 test tubes. Add small (pea-sized) equal quantities of finished olive oil soap to each and shake the tubes very vigorously. data table 1: saponification observations. Saponification is the process of breaking down a neutral fat into glycerol and fatty acids by treatment with alkali: Triacylglycerol + 3 KOH Glycerol + 3 Fatty acid salts of potassium. The hot reflux mixture was added to the sodium solution, which is a good solution for the negative oxygen from the carboxylic acid to find positive ions. 1. In this case, the reaction involves neutralization of the carboxylic acid. liquid I. Saponification with Ir Spectroscopy. B0 Are you in need of an additional source of income? Pour into chosen mold shape. Buttercup Description, The reaction kinetics and rate law of saponification reaction in a CSTR can be determined using conductivity calibration curve. Yellow In order for saponification to work, the three ester bonds in the triglyceride (oil or fat) must be broken using heat exposure under basic conditions. The exercise is likely to involve recording observations and data related to the experiment. Which Tulips Are Perennial, Why is this portion water-soluble? The purpose of this experiment is to create a soap from a commercial oil by performing a saponification reaction.The emulsifying properties of the soap will be tested. Dissolve 2 g of the moist soap from Part 1 (use the leftover soap from your beaker in Part 1) in the boiling water of your beaker labeled "soap". Firmness After Initial Using the information in Table 1, describe the relationship between the consistency of each soap sample and its composition paying particular attention to the unsaturated/saturated ratio of each starting oil. Label one beaker soap and one beaker detergent. Educator app for Lithium derivatives of 12-hydroxystearate and other fatty acids are important constituents of lubricating greases. border: none !important; Your instructor has a beaker of olive oil, preheated to 35C, at the front bench. Add 4 drops of mineral oil to each of the three test tubes. Whal Color Test Tube The role of the pharmacist in society enables the enhancement of the well-being of the general population. This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer. The saponification reaction breaks the oil or fat molecule into glycerin and a sodium or potassium salt of the long hydrocarbon chains that have a carboxylate end functional group. Oleic acid: 55-83% Wilton Ct Zoning Regulations, 4. In the second tube, soap and oil were inside and the solution was mostly clear with a few white particles and foam on the top. Consistency Grapeseed oil was chosen for this experiment and 1 mL of the oil was added to the flask. 1. Lab Report: var format = $(this).data('format') || 'mm/dd'; Lab Section iodint Koluion (iki prosence 'starch?? A. Fats are usually solid at room temperature, but many oils are liquid at room temperature. Canola Oil Corn Oil Coconut Oil __Almond___ Oil Test Tube # 1 2 3 4 Initial Color Clear Clear White, Milky Clear Initial Consistency Thick, slimy Thick, slimy Thick Thick, slimy Observations Just After Adding NaOH Turned yellowish, orange, line formed between the substance Turned very yellow, line formed between the substance Same color, faint line between the substance Same color, faint line between the substances Firmness After 1 Experiment 10. The assignment is:Provide examples of referenced citations, both in text and in a list of references, for a provided 2 art MGT 452 USJ Competitive Rivalry Analysis & Competitive Responses Case Study. Why does soap work to remove dirt and oil? If Kim Kardashian registered her desired trademark lawfully with the USPTO, why should Japan care? }); Add 1-2 drops of desired fragrance, using the pipet provided at front bench; do not mix fragrances. If you responded with a fixed mindset, how would you change to a growth mindset? In this lab, you will test various fats and oils for their degree of saturation by reacting any double bonds in the fat or oil with bromine. change. The acidic hydrogen is removed from the carboxylic acid functional group to yield a carboxylate anion. You should explain your observations here using your chemical knowedge. Wash your hands with your soap. Cake Menu Design Background, (If this is an online lab during the pandemic,you can skip this question but do wash your hands often!). Saponification is a process of converting esters into soaps and alcohols by the action of aqueous alkali (for example, aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions). (8 points) Data Table 1. CHEM 2080 Ch 18 - Summary of chapter 18 for Organic Chemistry 2. Additionally, you will explore water that has a high concentration of dissolved minerals which is called hard water. Dissolved 1 g of the commercial powdered detergent in the beaker labeled detergent. This page titled Saponification Lab Handout (Hydrolysis of Triglycerides) is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Kathryn Haas. Our best tutors earn over $7,500 each month! However, the majority of modern soaps are manufactured from polyunsaturated triglycerides such as vegetable oils. 8. Experiment_718_Making Soap - Saponification_1_1_1 is shared under a CC BY license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Around 2800 B.C.E, the ancient Babylon excavations uncovered cylinders with inscriptions for making soap.1 In 1500 B.C.E, records from ancient Egypt described how animal and vegetable oils were combined with alkaline salts to make soap. Sean finds out about Janines new studios and wants her to stop using the Hot Girls Hot Boys Hot Yoga name as he believes she is unfairly competing in his principle markets. Chemistry. Thiieen types of fire-extinguishing powders were available for testing. Your matched tutor provides personalized help according to your question details. The saponification value is the amount of base required to saponify a fat sample. Data Table 1 Data Table 1: Saponification Observations Test Tube 1 Canola Oil Test Tube 2 Cond Ters Tube 3. The base used in the saponification reaction must always contain a hydroxide ion. transl medium light yellow tint appears transluce clear , similar lokk to water. So.. what is olive oil, anyway? Incendia Bib Pant Women's, The hydrolysis reaction shown inFigure \(\PageIndex{3}\) results in fatty acid anions; these are the conjugate bases of fatty acid molecules. Next, 2.5 mL of the solution was placed in 2 test tubes and shaken. Thick True Repentance Explained, It is important to have no more than 13 g of NaOH. Section 2: Safety Precautions and Waste Disposal. In lithium-based greases, lithium carboxylates are thickeners. Taking both the video content and reading for this week into consideration, work to address the following in your initial post: 5. To start, 2 drops of oil were placed into 3 test tubes. The role of alkali in the saponification reaction is that it breaks the ester bond and releases the fatty acid salt and glycerol. Photo Canola Oil Page 3 ARKAT USA, Inc of tert-butyl benzoates has been attempted with NaH in DMF or, alternatively, with KOH/THF/crown ethers at high temperature.25 The tert-butyl moiety is widely used as a valuable protecting group for acids and alcohols in organic synthesis, since tert-butyl esters are remarkably stable to basic hydrolysis, but labile to acid (8 points) Data Table 1. 9. Alkene B - requires 20 drops of bromine in dichloromethane before you see color? Please read all my upload , make sure that you use the thesis formulas and follow the Rubric and my notes for both essay!! You may choose one of the following: holiday candy, island coconut, yuzu, energy, lavender, white tea & ginger, fresh cut grass, plumeria, lilac, oatmeal milk & honey, sandalwood, relaxing, cedarwood, cinnamon, amyris, vanilla. Experiment 1. This file is auto-generated */ Saponification occurs when a fat is heated with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to give glycerol and the sodium salts of the fatty acids, which is soap. data table 1: saponification observations. Fat or oil and strong base. So, the soap must be left undisturbed for at least 12 hours. For making soap, all different types of fats and oils can be used anything from lard which comes from animal fat to exotic tropical plant oils like palm and coconut oils. All fatty acids have a "fatty" part (the hydrocarbon tail) and an "acid" part (the carboxylic acid head). width: 1em !important; Your email address will not be published. Advise him of what he might do legally in his effort to shut down Janines U.S. business and the likelihood of his success. Lab 7: Synthesis and Analysis of Soap Name Lab Report: 30 points Photos: Total: 5 points (upload photos to the end of your lab write -up) 35 points Exercise 1: Saponification of Plant Oils 1) Complete data table 1. Why is this portion fat- soluble? No colour The solution was refluxed for 45 minutes to allow the triglyceride ester bonds to break and carboxylic acid and alcohol to form. This process is more common where the amount of fatty tissue is high and the agents of decomposition are absent or only minutely present. "Complex soaps" are also common, these being combinations of more than one acid salt, such as azelaic or acetic acid.[6]. These greasy materials, triesters called triglycerides, are mixtures derived from diverse fatty acids. 2. Sodium stearate is a typical soap. College Requirements To Graduate, Read the attached article about their conflict in Japan and comment here. If you responded with a growth mindset, how did that prepare you for new opportunities in the future? Coconut Ol Test Tube olive oil Pale yellow, thin liquid celeyelow thind Clear with small particles Boating Dark yelow thinguid Nah sets to bottom of on top NaOH sotties to bottom lon top Intial Color and Composition Observations after Adding NACH. What message connected with you most as a learner and/or a career-path professional? Quantitative observations-weight, pH level Data Table #1 Sample Test tube Chloride: Test tube Chloride: Test tube Chloride: pH 10 mL of Water Detergent Solution Hand Soap Solution Experimental Soap Solution 1 CaCl2 2 MgCl2 . Steric Acid: 0-5% Esters are usually present in the form of tri-glycerides. Pour 10 ml of the warm oil into a tall 250 mL beaker. Add a dash (approximately 1/8 teaspoon) of stearic acid. Record whether the solution emulsifies the oil. Add the ionic solutions from Step 5 (above) to each of the three test tubes as you did for the soap solution. Liquid cooking oils originate from corn, peanuts, olives, soybeans, and many other plants. Fats are usually solid at room temperature, but many oils are liquid at room temperature. beforeShow: function(input, inst) { $('#ui-datepicker-div').addClass('show'); }, Making soap was a long and arduous process. Key Term data table 1: saponification observations; This preview shows page 1 - 3 out of 5 pages. The recommendedalkaline ratio is an approximate amount of sodium hydroxide that should be added to hydrolyze a given type of oil. Lab Report #11 - I earned an A in this lab class. Test the pH of each tube and record your results. : an American History (Eric Foner), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham). } control? maxDate: new Date(d.getFullYear(), 12-1, 31), The immediate product is called an orthoester. This will serve as a hardener for the liquid soap. Thick gel Stuck on a homework question? Get a 250 mL beaker. Just like any oil, olive oil is a triglyceride. On the above structure, box the portion of the molecule that is fat-soluble. Legal. [8]:16,19. Should Kim register her Kimono trademark regardless? Experiment True Repentance Explained, A line forms Observations Label the graduated cylinder and observe the volume of foam in mL. Test Tube Canola 01 formed between Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. The extinguishing agent rapidly converts the burning substance to a non-combustible soap. 6. How to Help Kids Stay Safe Online, what are the potential negative outcomes of teen sexting? The image of the pharmacist has kept Ashford University Finding Success Video Discussion. In return, such a high heating temperature leads to a beginning of darkening, due to the fat degradation. Triglycerides can be converted to soap in either a one- or a two-step process. Add 15 mL of ethanol and 15 mL of 20 % NaOH to the beaker. [8]:16, The saponified regions may deform the painting's surface through the formation of visible lumps or protrusions that can scatter light. Stir. Saponification value 198.12% w/w 4. Does it clean your hands as well as regular soap? Make all the drops the same size by holding the pipette at the same angle for all drops. Add 10 drops of 1% ferric chloride to each test tube. Be careful, this solution is corrosive and will get hot as the NaOH dissolves. If the test tube looks the same top to bottom and side to side, then the oil, soap or detergent and water have formed a homogeneous mixture. Apply to become a tutor on Studypool! img.emoji { In some soap-making, the glycerol is left in the soap. Add about 5 ml of distilled water to each. Depending on the nature of the alkali used in their production, soaps have distinct properties. Soap Analysis: Record observations in your lab notebook. Vacuum filtration was used to collect the soap pieces from the solution. Saponification can occur in oil paintings over time, causing visible damage and deformation. What are the starting reactants and final products? Weigh a 150-mL beaker and record the mass. beforeShow: function(input, inst) { $('#ui-datepicker-div').removeClass('show'); }, This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Put any fragrances you wish into your cup. The observation is taken b Antigone and Socrates had different attitudes towards the law. d = new Date(); Add 2 drops of olive oil to 1 ml of dichloromethane in a test tube. Draw the line-angle structure. They required a different amount of drops because of their effects with hard water. the substance Carefully add 33.0 mL of distilled water to the sodium hydroxide. Please complete the peer review as instructed. Add 2 ml of 0.5% MgCl2to the first tube, add 2 ml of 0.5% CaCl2to the second test tube, and add 2 ml of 0.5% FeCl3to the third test tube. Fires involving cooking fats and oils (classified as class K (US) or F (Australia/Europe/Asia)) burn hotter than most flammable liquids, rendering a standard class B extinguisher ineffective. Draw the reaction of any alkene with Br2. 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Adding NaOH Do not use other source and do not plagiarize !Remember to include the appropriate compare/contrast transitions.Use pointby-point OR subject-by-subject essay organizationSecond one:Compare/Contrast "Orange Crush" and "Champion of the world"Chose Four of them : Narrator, theme,relationship,language,imagery,conflict.Each point should be one paragraphEach paragraph must have a quotation from "Orange Crush" and "Champion of the world"Must have a very clearly thesis that include all points you going to write in the bodyAnd each body paragraph must have a clear topic sentenceHave a nice and clear Introduction and ConclusionEach body paragraph should have a clearly topic sentence, examples, support point and conclusion. 1 1. Now rinse your hands thoroughly just in case your soap contains any unreacted sodium hydroxide. are broken during the chemical reaction? Saponification Observations. The business has a trademark for the phrase The Ashram Hot Yoga registered with the USPTO since 2015 and associated with the business fields of education, amusement and entertainment. Add about 5 g of a fat or oil, reweigh, and record the mass. Experiment 10. Buttercup Description, After completing part 3, pour contents of test tubes into the organic waste container in the fume hood. There were many words of wisdom from Amelia Manning, Paul LeBlanc, and Greg Fowler in this weeks video. The fatty acid source also affects the soap's melting point. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. 35 points Thick liquid 6. You will pick up your finished soap in lab next week. Enter your parent or guardians email address: We dont have your requested question, but here is a suggested video that might help. Photos: Gel Sliding the mini test tube into the empty Erlenmeyer flask and sealing it with the rubber stopper were practiced a few times before conducting the experiment. Business Management General Corporation Law Research Memorandum. Data Table 1: Saponification Observations Test Tube 1: Canola Oil Test Tube 2: Corn Oil Test Tube 3: Coconut Oil Test Tube 4 Initial Color and Composition Observations after Adding NaOH Observations after Hot Water Bath Consistency Ranking after Cooling: 1 = Softest to 4 = Hardest. }); BLAW3700 Pepperdine Hot Girls Hot Boys Yoga IRAC Case Paper. Saponification Observations. This self-reflection process is the foundation for continued success and growth in all aspects of life, and this process is transferrable to education as well. The experiment can be performed safely if proper precautions are observed. Then, potash solution was added. If the chemical comes into contact with your skin, immediately rinse with water for a minimum of fifteen minutes and notify your instructor. [8]:1219, Saponification in oil paintings was described as early as 1912. Add 5 ml oflaboratorywater into the first tube, add 5 ml of the soap solution into the second test tube, and add 5 ml of the detergent solution into the last test tube. !Frist one:Compare/Contrast "Fish cheeks" and "Only Daughter"Chose Four of them : Narrator, theme,relationship,language,imagery,conflictWrite a 5-7 paragraphs Essay 3 pagesEach point should be one paragraphEach paragraph must have a quotation from "Fish cheeks" and "Only Daughter"Must have a very clearly thesis that include all points you going to write in the bodyAnd each body paragraph must have a clear topic sentenceHave a nice and clear Introduction and ConclusionEach body paragraph should have a clearly topic sentence, examples, support point and conclusion. This will serve as a hardener for the liquid soap. var mailchimpSF = {"ajax_url":"http:\/\/bananawho.net\/"}; 3 Explain. Treating the soap with hydrochloric acid gives myristic acid.[4]. After you complete this assignment please make a short response to this.The Kardashians are becoming famous for their trademark strategy, even internationally. 2. In the second tube, 3 drops of MgCl2 were added and the solution became milky white with a white precipitate.Once 0.3 grams of sodium carbonate was added, a white and faint pink foam solution formed.After a minute, the solutions were pink on the top and clear on the bottom. Mobile phones have transformed our lives. Legal. Sami Painting Windsor, Next, 4.0 grams of sodium chloride was dissolved in 10 mL of water. Shake them again and look for emulsification (like step 4 above). Saponification to the soap sodium myristate takes place using NaOH in water. Chemistry questions and answers. 1. There are many kinds of fats and oils, both animal and vegetable. (a.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",n,!1),e.addEventListener("load",n,!1)):(e.attachEvent("onload",n),a.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===a.readyState&&t.readyCallback()})),(r=t.source||{}).concatemoji?d(r.concatemoji):r.wpemoji&&r.twemoji&&(d(r.twemoji),d(r.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings); Fig. A faint The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. jQuery(function($) { Explain your answer. ANSC 422 Lecture 1 - Dr. Kleinman; SEC-502-RS-Dispositions Self-Assessment Survey T3 (1) Techniques DE Separation ET Analyse EN Biochimi 1; C799 Task 2 - Task 2 paper; C799 Task 1 - Task 1 paper; Midterm Exam-2 Guide; ISO 9001 2015 Checklist; STI Chart SP2019 Check for precipitation. constrainInput: false, 1. Northwood Family Resource Center, Close the bottle tightly. The mixture will slowly become smoother and more opaque; it should thicken to a pudding-like consistency. IT 210X SNHU Mobile and Social Computing Discussion and Responses. Issue, Rule, Application and Conclusion? In this beaker, cautiously weigh out 12.74 g of solid NaOH. So, the soap must be left undisturbed for at least 12 hours. Test for Sugars Using Benedict's Solution You have four tubes with content indicated in the table. This method is ideal for producing soaps that are derived from a single fatty acid, which leads to soaps with predictable physical properties, as required by many engineering applications. Auburn University Department of Chemistry,Organic Chemistry 1I Laboratory Manual,2018;Hayden -McNeil, LLC: Plymouth,MI,2018, The purpose of this experiment is to create a soap from a commercial oil by performing a. saponification reaction.The emulsifying properties of the soap will be tested. Weigh 100.0 g of Olive Oil into a 1 L screw-top bottle. The chemical reaction for soapmaking is called saponification. To start the experiment, 0.7 grams of sodium hydroxide was added to a deionized water and ethanol mixture in a round bottom flask. In general, the approximate amounts of any fatty acids in olive oil varies within the following ranges: Olive Oil Our tutors are highly qualified and vetted. H Data Experiment Exercis8 F4: Data Tablo 1 Photo Data Table 1: Saponification Observations Test Tube Canola 01 lest Iube Corn Qil Test Tube 3: Coconut Oil Test Tube Initial Color and Composition Observations after Adding NaOH Observations after Hot Water Bath Consistercy Ranking aiter Cooling- Sottestto Hardest B0 888 I wouldn't be present in the presence of those colors. Glycerol is a strongly polar compound unlike other esters. between the First, the fat had to be rendered (melted and filtered). 2. particular; what is the benafit oi a negative control? Name_ Coldt }); Since water and oil do not mix, this mixture had to be continuously stirred and heated sufficiently to keep the fat melted. The R group is a long hydrocarbon tail. Using the information in Table 1, . (8 points) Data Table 1. iPad. Label with your names and lab section number with masking tape on the silicone soap mold. Experiment 1 Data Table 1 Photo 1 Test Tube 1: Canola Oil Test Tube 2: Corn Oil Test Tube 3: Coconut Oil Tes Alm Initial Color and Composition Observations after Adding NaOH Observations after Hot. In, order for saponification to work, the three ester bonds in the triglyceride (oil or fat) must be, Forecasting, Time Series, and Regression (Richard T. O'Connell; Anne B. Koehler), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. liquid Please read all my upload , make sure that you use the thesis formulas and follow the Rubric and my notes for both essay!! height: 1em !important; A Describe saponification What are the starting reactants and final products from CHE 102L at Eastern Kentucky University. A chemical process called saponification occurs which rearranges the fat molecules to make them slippery. 2) Before we mix each liquid, prepare a piece of ordinary writing paper for an experiment. Table F3.1: U.S. Investment Data, 15 Yearly Observations, 1968-1982 Source: Economic Report of the President, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1983. Birthday Title For Best Friend, Pour the contents of the test tubes down the drain. Experiment718:Making Soap - Saponification. After all, a soap that's a little oily (moisturizing) is much better than one that is corrosive and dangerous to use! 2. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Milky Data Structures; saponification lab report format. Coconut Ol Test Tube olive oil Pale yellow, thin liquid celeyelow thind Clear with small particles Boating Dark yelow thinguid Nah sets to bottom of on top NaOH sotties to bottom lon top Intial Color and Composition Observations after Adding NACH Observationer Hot Water Bath Consistency Ranking after Cooling 1 Sofie Hardes NaOH settles to bottom od on top NaOH is to bottom of on top Sold peces of ol, NaOH on bottom clumps of oil with NaOH on bottom seperation of oltre Ol with particles, NaOH on bottom. Coconut Oil This page titled 12: Making Soap - Saponification (Experiment) is shared under a CC BY-NC license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Santa Monica College. Greg Fowler opens the video for this week with the importance of evaluating successes and failures as a leader. Repeat the experiment above with a high purity soap, Ivory Soap. Thick cloudy Analytical Reading Activity Jefferson and Locke, Analytical Reading Activity 10th Amendment, CCNA 1 v7.0 Final Exam Answers Full - Introduction to Networks, The Deep Dive Answers - jdjbcBS JSb vjbszbv, 1-2 Module One Activity Project topic exploration, Leadership class , week 3 executive summary, I am doing my essay on the Ted Talk titaled How One Photo Captured a Humanitie Crisis https, School-Plan - School Plan of San Juan Integrated School, SEC-502-RS-Dispositions Self-Assessment Survey T3 (1), Techniques DE Separation ET Analyse EN Biochimi 1. As mentioned in our first discussion, the strategies and skills we will learn and review in this course are not exclusive to your educational path: They are often applicable outside of the classroom as well. Shake these three test tubes and look for a precipitate (white, chunky floating particles). Label with your names and lab section number. These ions combine with the soap and precipitate into hard-water scum. Thank you! After pouring into the mold, the process will continue on its own. Add 30 ml of 9 M sodium hydroxide solution to the beaker carefully and slowly to the beaker. The mixture will slowly become smoother and more opaque; it should thicken to a pudding-like consistency.
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data table 1: saponification observations